Two Models of Traditionalism

Redfield's nine characteristics

1) small -- sometimes a matter of self-perception
2) isolated -- may be a cultural matter, and a matter of self-perception.
3) non-literate -- this helps with the self-perception of isolation.
4) homogeneous -- they share the same attitudes, values, and norms.
5) sense of group solidarity -- this follows from homogeneity.
6) simple division of labor -- everyone does the same thing;
7) simple technology -- primary tools only
8) absence of market behavior
9) folk behavior, which is subdivided as follows:

a) spontaneous -- thought and action are united
b) uncritical -- there is no habit of experiment
c) personal -- all relations are primary-group relationships:
[i.e., 1) intimate, 2) face-to-face, 3) permanent, and 4) holistic relationships. By contrast, in modern societies secondary-group relationships predominate; they are 1) casual, 2) impersonal, 3) temporary, and 4) specialized].

Rostow's Model

1) Structural ceiling on production

a. Pre-Newtonian science,technology and attitudes towards the physical world
b. Limited manufacturing and investment

2) Lives are built around small, self-sufficient regions
3) Long-run fatalism

MODERNIZATION MODEL

Following is a brief outline of the characteristic features of the modernizing civilization.
I. Sustained economic growth; i.e., achieves a state of expanding productivity, as measured per capita. It may be achieved by three means:

a) technology
b) organization
c) motivation; more human work

II. Critical view of the world: rationalism. This comprises:

a) this-worldly as opposed to other-worldly spirit prevails
b) the natural and human environment are view as rational and calculable
c) learning and rational investigations are viewed as efficacious
d) human progress is considered possible (opposite Golden Age myth)

III.Superior, cohesive political organization: integrated state

IV. Acceptance of work ethic: social ethic that comprises:

a) work is good and right
b) regimentation of life by the clock for production

V. State control of education

VI. Myth of upward mobility; i.e., one will get ahead if he/she only works hard

VII.Secondary human relationships prevail; this comprises:

a) casual
b) impersonal
c) temporary
d) specialized

NOTE: Some scholars believe that democratic principles, at the least, the involvement of the masses in greater and greater amounts of decision-making, is an eighth aspect of modernization.