Final Exam Study Questions 1. The universal monarchy (& republic) represented the major political achievement of the ancient world. Define and describe this structure using the Chinese and/or Indian and/or Roman and/or Persian examples.

2. Show how a philosophy or religion (or worldview) can hold a civilization together, with or without political power. Use the case of India to prove your argument.

3. Compare and contrast the civilizations of Rome and China from the time each established a universal (imperial) state until the fall of Rome in the West and the end of the Tang dynasty in China. What explains the contrasts best, their respective religions/philosophies or political structures?

4. Considering the Timaeus of Plato and the Analects of Confucius, compare and contrast the philosophies/religions of the Hellenic Greeks (represented by Plato) and Chinese (represented by Confucius).

5. Describe and account for the reforms or coups d'etat of the Gracchi brothers, the interventions of the generals, and the ultimate rise of monarchy under the heirs of Octavian. Why did the Roman Republic give way to a Roman monarchy?

6. Identify, compare, and contrast the several philosophies and religions of Imperial, Monarchical Rome. How did these philosophies and religious fill the needs created by this empire?

7. Describe the basic teachings of early Islam and what it required in terms of political structures in the Moslem world? How did the relationship of Islam and Moslem states change by the year 1000?

8. Describe the origins and basic beliefs and practices of Islam. Then describe how and why these religious doctrines and practices changed with the rise of Shi'ism and Sunnism?

9. Describe the feudal structure that emerged in Western Europe when the Roman Empire collapsed. How did this new civilization continue to be like its Roman predecessor?

10. Identify and describe the four philosophicoreligious revolutions (c. 800-300) and the major Eurasian-African traditions that resulted from them. What do they have in common and how did these traditions relate to civilization and productivity to year 1000.

11. Confucianism, Mazdayasnianism, Hinduism, and Stoicism all provided means for justifying a tributary universal empire with highly centralized executive power and bureaucratic support, while allowing a fairly tolerant treatment of diverse subject peoples and regions. Compare and contrast how they served in these ways.

12. Show how the artistic ideas of a culture change over time, due to changing political, social and ideological factors. Use five of the documents provided and be sure to identify and describe the art-trait style(s), titles, and period/location of the documents used in your essay.

13. Using five of the artistic documents provided, compare and contrast the ancient Indian (non-Western) art-style with those of the ancient Greek art-styles (before and after Alexander the Great). Be sure to identify and describe the art-trait style(s), titles, and period/location of the documents used in your essay.

14. Label and describe the pre-Socratic Greek philosophy of the monists and pluralists, including the philosophy of Democritus and the Epicureans. Compare their work to that of Euclid of Alexandria, Archimedes of Syracuse, and Aristarchus of Samos.

15. Compare and contrast the teachings of any combination of the following: Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, Democritus, Kung Fu-tzu, and Tung Chung-shu.

16. What and why did the Hellenic, Hellenistic, and Abbasid periods contribute to the rise of science in the modern (Western) world?

17. After sketching the origins of Confucianism, explain the basic teaching of K'ung Fu-tzu from the origins to the days of the T'ang. Discuss harmony, five basic relationships, jen, Tung Chung-shu, K'ung Fu-tzu, and Kao Tsu.

18. Cyrus the Great and his dynasty established the first imperial monarchy. Describe the structure of the imperial monarchy and explain how it influenced and changed civilization.

19. Explain the basic teachings of Hinduism and identify its origins and development from the Vedic-Aryan invasions through the Gupta period. Discuss the changes associated with the Bhramanical, Upanishad and Darmashastra texts.

20. Explain the basic teaching and identify the origins and development of Buddhism from the beginning through the Gupta period. Discuss the Four Noble Truths, the Eight-fold Path, the Five Basic Precepts, the Middle Path, and the Mahayana and Hinayana forms of Buddhism.

21. In many ways, Hellenic Greece and its culture were products of the polis, while Hellenistic culture was not. Explain how and why this statement is true (or false), indicating what does explain the differences between the two cultures.